一、假设，猜想（guess）

1.hypothesis [haɪˈpɒθəsɪs]

【例句】Their hypothesis is that watching excessive amounts of television reduces a person's ability to concentrate.

【翻译】他们的假说认为过度观看电视会导致注意力不集中等问题。

2.speculation [ˌspekjuˈleɪʃn]

【例句】The book is just a lot of idle speculation about the future.

【翻译】这本书就是很多关于未来的无意义的猜想。

3.assumption [əˈsʌmpʃn]

【例句】Her plan is based on the underlying assumption that the economy will improve in the near future.

【翻译】她的计划是基于这样一个假设：经济将在不久的将来会有所改善。

二、提议（suggestion）

1.proposal [prəˈpəʊzl]

【例句】This proposal would be a less restrictive way of obtaining the same information.

【翻译】该提议是以相对轻松的方式获取同等信息。

2.recommendation [ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃn]

【例句】The president, according to a White House statement last week, has decided to accept our recommendation.

【翻译】白宫发言人上周表示总统已经决定接受我们的提议。

3.proposition [ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃn]

【例句】Right now, a significant minority (some 40 percent) of African-American voters already agrees with that proposition.

【翻译】现在，少数非洲裔美国选民（将近40%）已经同意了该提议。

三、 动机、动力（motivation)

1.impetus [ˈɪmpɪtəs]

【例句】This is the primary impetus behind the economic recovery.

【翻译】这是促使经济复苏的主要动力.

2.momentum [məˈmentəm]

【例句】They are each anxious to maintain the momentum of the search for a solution.

【翻译】他们每个人都迫切希望能一直劲头十足地去寻求解决方案。

3.incentive [ɪnˈsentɪv]

【例句】She alone had not only the incentive, but the necessary opportunity.

【翻译】她不是缺少动力，而是缺少必要的机会。

4.encouragement [ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒmənt]

【例句】He's so invested in this dream of becoming a writer that any encouragement sends him flying.

【翻译】他为实现作家梦付出了很大的心血，任何鼓励都让他非常高兴。

四、评估，估计 （evaluation）

1.assessment [əˈsesmənt]

【例句】This was an uncharitable assessment of the reasons for the failure.

【翻译】这是对失败原因毫不讲情面的分析评估

2.appraisal [əˈpreɪzl]

【例句】What is needed in such cases is a calm appraisal of the situation.

【翻译】在此类情况下需要对形势有一个冷静的评估。

3.estimate [ˈestɪmət]

【例句】At least one estimate puts the total tab at $7 million.

【翻译】至少有一个估价把总数定在了700万美元。

4.judgment [ˈdʒʌdʒmənt]

【例句】Our judgment as to the cause of his failure must rest on the evidence.

【翻译】我们是基于证据对他失败的原因进行评估。

五、混乱 （disorder）

1.disorganization [dɪsˌɔ:ɡənaɪ'zeɪʃn]

【例句】May beth is is just another manifestation of Democratic disorganization.

【翻译】也许这又一次彰显了民主混乱。

2.chaos [ˈkeɪɒs]

【例句】Whatever troubles arise, we'll have peace of mind amidst seeming chaos.

【翻译】无论出现什么样的麻烦，我们都会在貌似混乱的情形中保持平和的心态。

3.turbulence [ˈtɜ:bjələns]

【例句】Theworld situation is characterized by turbulence and intranquility.

【翻译】世界局势动荡不安.

4.turmoil [ˈtɜ:mɔɪl]

【例句】My emotional turmoil had drained me.

【翻译】纷乱的情绪让我心力交瘁。

六、工具设备（tool）

1.appliance [əˈplaɪəns]

【例句】He could also learn to use the vacuum cleaner, the washing machine and otherhousehold appliances.

【翻译】他可以再学学使用吸尘器、洗衣机和其他家用电器

2.equipment [ɪˈkwɪpmənt]

【例句】The photographer came early to set up his equipment.

【翻译】摄影师很早就把他的设备搭起来了。

3.device [dɪˈvaɪs]

【例句】The device can discriminate between the cancerous and the normal cells.

【翻译】这台仪器可以辨别癌细胞和正常的细胞。

4.apparatus [ˌæpəˈreɪtəs]

【例句】They lacked the scientific personnel to develop the technical apparatus much further.

【翻译】他们缺少能够进一步研发这一技术装置的科研人员。

5.instrument [ˈɪnstrəmənt]

【例句】The veto has been a traditional instrument of diplomacy for centuries.

【翻译】几个世纪以来否决权一直是外交上惯用的手段。

七、同盟联盟 league

1.coalition[ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn]

【例句】The Liberal leader has announced his party's withdrawal from the ruling coalition.

【翻译】自由党领袖已宣布该党退出执政联盟。

2.alliance [əˈlaɪəns]

【例句】Yet now he was here, in extremis, to seek an alliance.

【翻译】然而现在他就在这里，在绝境中寻求联盟。

3.ally [ˈælaɪ]

【例句】He isa close ally of the Prime Minister.

【翻译】他是首相的亲密支持者。

4.union [ˈju:niən]

【例句】Inunion there is strength.

【翻译】团结就是力量

八、娱乐消遣（leisure）

1.pastime [ˈpɑ:staɪm]

【例句】Readingalways been an important part of learning and enjoyable pastime .一直以来

【翻译】读书都是学习中的一个重要部分，也是消磨时间的好方法。

2.recreation [ˌrekriˈeɪʃn]

【例句】Allthe family members need to have their own interests and recreations.

【翻译】所有的家庭成员都需要有自己的兴趣和休闲方式。

3.diversion [daɪˈvɜ:ʃn]

【例句】Fingerpainting is very messy but an excellent diversion.

【翻译】用手指画画是很脏，但却是一项极好的消遣。

九、方式方法（way）

1.manner [ˈmænə(r)]

【例句】For now, we need to interpret the law and its guidelines as accurately as we can and to act in a fair manner.

【翻译】现在，我们需要尽可能准确地阐释法律和准则，并以公平的方式行动。

2.fashion [ˈfæʃn]

【例句】So "conscious business" might mean, engaging in an occupation, work, ortrade in a mindful, awake fashion.

【翻译】所以“有意识的商业”可能意味着用警觉的、醒着的样式参与一项职业，工作或者贸易。

3.approach [əˈprəʊtʃ]

【例句】We will be exploring different approaches to gathering information.

【翻译】我们将探索收集信息的不同方法。

4.tactic [ˈtæktɪk]

【例句】The giant oilcorporations are earning fabulous profits by cunning tactics.

【翻译】这些大石油公司以狡诈的手段赚取巨额利润。

5.means [mi:nz]

【例句】According tosocial learning theories, social interaction is a means by which people acquireattitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

【翻译】根据社会学习理论，社会交往是人们获得态度、信念和行为的一种手段。

6.channel [ˈtʃænl]

【例句】The Americansrecognise that the UN can be the channel for greater diplomatic activity.

【翻译】美国人认识到可以通过联合国这个渠道开展更多的外交活动。

十、标准（standard）

1.criteria [kraɪ'tɪərɪə]

【例句】At the moment candidates are selected on a fairly narrow set of criteria such as prior academic and career performance, and analytical and problem solvingabilities.

【翻译】目前选举候选人的一系列标准非常狭隘，例如以前的学术和职业表现，分析和解决问题的能力。

2.norm [nɔ:m]

【例句】We conform to norms so readily that we are hardly aware they exist.

【翻译】我们很轻而易举便遵守规则，所以我们很难意识到他们的存在。

十一、进展（progress）

1.advance [ədˈvɑ:ns]

【例句】Medical technology has advanced considerably...

【翻译】医学技术突飞猛进。

2.headway ['hedweɪ]

【例句】She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.

【翻译】她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步.

十二、渴望希望（hope）

1.desire [dɪˈzaɪə(r)]

【例句】They seem to regain their desire for life.

【翻译】他们似乎重获对生活的热望。

2.eagerness ['i:gənɪs]

【例句】He began to explain with the most considerable eagerness.

【翻译】他开始解释，显得郑重其事，又万分热诚。

3.urge [ɜ:dʒ]

【例句】He had an urge to open a shop of his own...

【翻译】他很想自己开一家店

4.hunger [ˈhʌŋgə(r)]

【例句】I can't understand why he seems to have no hunger for knowledge.【翻译】我不明白为什么他看上去对知识毫无兴趣。

5.yearning [ˈjɜ:nɪŋ]

【例句】He has always a yearning to be a schoolteacher

【翻译】他一直想成为一名老师

十三、意识（sense）

1.consciousness [ˈkɒnʃəsnəs]

【例句】He is acutely conscious that this transition will bring with it the risk of socialunrest.

【翻译】他非常清楚这种转变伴随着社会动乱的危险。

2.awareness [əˈweənəs]

【例句】.He introduced radio to the school to increase the children's awareness.

【翻译】他在学校开通广播，以提高孩子们的警觉性.

3.perception [pərˈsepʃn]

【例句】Another interesting issue deals with certain cultures' perception of beauty.

【翻译】另一个有趣的问题与特定文化中美的感知有关。

十四、性格（character）

1.disposition [ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃn]

【例句】Hewas a man of decisive action and an adventurous disposition.

【翻译】他是一个行动果断又爱冒险的人。

2.personality [ˌpɜ:səˈnæləti]

【例句】Intoday’s personality stakes, nothing is more highly valued than the sense of humor.

【翻译】现代的性格特点中，没有什么比幽默感更有价值。

3.temperament [ˈtemprəmənt]

【例句】His impulsive temperament regularly got him into difficulties...

【翻译】他容易冲动，经常因此惹麻烦。

4.nature [ˈneɪtʃə(r)]

【例句】She feels that her ambitious nature made her unsuitable for an arranged marriage.

【翻译】她觉得她不安分的个性不适合包办的婚姻。

十五、承诺（promise）

1.commitment [kəˈmɪtmənt]

【例句】Theymade a commitment to peace.

【翻译】他们承诺要维护和平。

2.pledge [pledʒ]

【例句】Inthe treaty both sides pledge to respect human rights.

【翻译】双方在条约中都承诺将尊重人权。

3.engagement [ɪnˈgeɪdʒmənt]

【例句】Allhis time seems to be taken up with social engagements.

【翻译】社会约定占据了他所有的时间

十六、情绪（feeling）

1.mood [mu:d]

【例句】People who struggle with excessive Internet use maybe depressed or have other mooddisorder.

【翻译】过度使用互联网可能会导致抑郁症或其他情绪失控。

2.emotion [ɪˈməʊʃn]

【例句】A tide of emotion rose and clouded his judgement.

【翻译】心头涌起一阵强烈的感情，模糊了他的判断力。

3.sentiment [ˈsentɪmənt]

【例句】He found growing sentiment for military action.

【翻译】他发现支持采取军事行动的情绪日益高涨。

十七、吸引力 ( attraction )

1.appeal [əˈpi:l]

【例句】The game has lost its appeal.

【翻译】这个游戏失去了吸引力

2.fascination [ˌfæsɪˈneɪʃn]

【例句】Water holds a fascination for most children.

【翻译】水对多数孩子都有极大的吸引力。

3.charm [tʃɑ:m]

【例句】Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs', the 1937 Disney classic, has lost none of its original charm.

【翻译】1937年迪斯尼推出的经典之作《白雪公主和七个小矮人》魅力不减当年。

4.lure [lʊə(r)]

【例句】The lure of rural life is proving as strong as ever.

【翻译】事实证明，乡村生活的魅力丝毫未减。

5.allurement [ə'ljʊəmənt]

【例句】Money is a kind of allurement for us.

【翻译】对我们来说金钱是种诱惑物。

6.temptation [tempˈteɪʃn]

【例句】Don't succumb to the temptation to have just one cigarette.

【翻译】不要经不住诱惑，只抽一支烟也不行。

十八、责任(duty)

1.responsibility [rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti]

【例句】Responsibility and moderation were to be the keynotes of their foreign policy.

【翻译】责任和克制将是他们外交政策的核心

2.obligation [ˌɒblɪˈgeɪʃn]

【例句】Co-operation was more than just an attractive option, it was an obligation.

【翻译】合作不仅仅是诱人的选择，它也是一种责任。

3.accountability [əˌkaʊntə'bɪlətɪ]

【例句】Goodmanagement in the police cannot be divorced from accountability.

【翻译】对警察队伍的良好管理和应负的责任是分不开的。

十九、选择(choice)

1.option [ˈɒpʃn]

【例句】The menu changes weekly and usually includes a vegan option.

【翻译】菜单每周都有变化，通常包含可供严格的素食者选择的菜肴。

2.alternative [ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv]

【例句】You have the alternative of riding or walking.

【翻译】你可以选择骑车或者步行。

3.preference [ˈprefrəns]

【例句】Parents can express a preference for the school their child attends...

【翻译】父母可以表达对自己孩子所上学校的偏好。

4.selection [sɪˈlekʃn]

【例句】There is a wide selection of food available.

【翻译】有很多可供选择的食物

二十、契约协议(agreement)

1.contract [ˈkɒntrækt]

【例句】A formal contract is signed which is renewable annually.

【翻译】正式签订了每年可续签的合同。

2.pact [pækt]

【例句】A non-aggression pact will be signed between the two countries.

【翻译】两国将签署互不侵犯条约。

3.treaty [ˈtri:ti]

【例句】The treaty binds them to respect their neighbour's independence.

【翻译】条约规定他们必须尊重其邻国的独立

二十一、费用(fee)

1.payment [ˈpeɪmənt]

【例句】Thousands of its customers are in arrears with loans and mortgage payments.

【翻译】有数千客户拖欠其贷款和抵押贷款还款

2.cost [kɒst]

【例句】Companiesare moving jobs to towns with a lower cost of living.

【翻译】各公司正在把工作岗位转移至生活费用较低的城镇。

3.spending [ˈspendɪŋ]

【例句】He'sa staunch supporter of controls on government spending.

【翻译】他坚决支持控制政府开支。

4.expense [ɪkˈspens]

【例句】Theywant to cut down their utility expenses

【翻译】他们想削减公用事业上的支出。

5.expenditure [ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)]

【例句】.Itis questionable whether the expenditure on this project is really justified.

【翻译】该项目的开支是否真的合理还未可知。

6.toll [təʊl]

【例句】Allvehicles travelling across the bridge have to pay a toll.

【翻译】所有过桥的车辆都要付过桥费。

二十二、差别差异(difference)

1.distinction [dɪˈstɪŋkʃn]

【例句】Many people make a sharp distinction between humans and other animals.

【翻译】很多人认为人类和其他动物截然不同。

2.divergence [daɪ'vɜ:dʒəns]

【例句】A minimal error or deviation may result in wide divergence.

【翻译】失之毫厘,谬以千里.

3.discrepancy [dɪsˈkrepənsi]

【例句】The discrepancy in their ages seemed not to matter.

【翻译】他们之间年龄的差异似乎没有多大关系。

二十三、矛盾冲突(conflict)

1.paradox [ˈpærədɒks]

【例句】“More haste, less speed.”is a paradox.

【翻译】“欲速则不达”是一句似非而是的隽言。

2.contradiction [ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkʃn]

【例句】once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems will be readily solved.

【翻译】一旦抓住了主要矛盾, 一切问题就迎刃而解.

3.controversy [ˈkɒntrəvɜ:si]

【例句】They had a bitter controversy over the question.

【翻译】他们在这个问题上有很大的争论。

4.dispute [dɪˈspju:t]

【例句】They agreed to try to settle their dispute by negotiation.

【翻译】他们同意通过谈判来努力解决纠纷。

二十四、趋势(trend)

1.tendency [ˈtendənsi]

【例句】Matters have taken a new tendency to〔towards〕peace.

【翻译】事态有了向和平方向发展的新趋势。

2.inclination[ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃn]

【例句】He did not show the slightest inclination to leave.

【翻译】他丝毫没有表现出要离开的意思。

副词类

一、几乎不(hardly)

1.barely [ˈbeəli]

【例句】We could barely see the other cars because of the fog.

【翻译】因为有雾，我们几乎看不到别的汽车。

2.scarcely [ˈskeəsli]

【例句】His style could scarcely be further removed from that of his predecessor.

【翻译】他的风格几乎和他的前辈如出一辙。

二、立即，马上(immediately)

1.promptly [ˈprɒmptli]

【例句】Responding promptly to accidents and other emergencies is important, but it is their smallest job.

【翻译】及时响应事故和其他紧急情况是很重要的，但这是他们最基本的工作

2.instantly [ˈɪnstəntli]

【例句】I recognized her instantly she entered the room.

【翻译】她一进房间我就认出了她。

三、提前(before)

1.prior to [ˈpraɪə(r)]

【例句】Prior to that time, buffalo had roamed the Great Plains in tremendous numbers.

【翻译】在那个时间之前，很多野牛出没于大平原上。

2.previously ['pri:vɪəslɪ]

【例句】The device had been used operationally some months previously.

【翻译】该设备几个月之前曾投入运行。

3.in advance [ədˈvɑ:ns]

【例句】Clients normally pay fees in advance, monthly, quarterly, or yearly.

【翻译】客户通常按月、季度或年度预付费用。

复习：

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